📘 āĻŦāχ: ABCD āĻĨেāĻ•ে English Grammar āĻ“ Literature

āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāϝ় – ā§§ā§Ģ

ARTICLES & DETERMINERS

A, An, The āĻāĻŦং Noun-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ Words

āϞেāĻ–āĻ•: Sayan Das


🌱 āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া

āĻĒ্āϰিāϝ় āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāϰা,

āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ ā§Šā§Ļ āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāϝ়েāϰ English Grammar āĻļেāĻ–াāϰ āϝাāϤ্āϰা āĻāĻŦাāϰ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻāĻ• āϧাāĻĒ āĻāĻ—িāϝ়ে āĻ—েāϞ।

āφāĻ—েāϰ āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāϝ়ে āφāĻŽāϰা Conjunction āĻ“ Interjection āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻļিāĻ–েāĻ›ি। āφāϜ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāώāϝ় āĻļিāĻ–āĻŦ, āϝেāϟি āχংāϰেāϜিāϤে āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāχ āĻ•োāύো āύা āĻ•োāύোāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϝ়—

Articles

āχংāϰেāϜিāϤে āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ Article āĻšāϞো:

A, An, The

āĻāχ āϤিāύāϟি āĻ›োāϟ Word āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āϏāĻ িāĻ• English āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ…āύেāĻ•।

āĻāϰ āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āφāϜ āφāĻŽāϰা Determiner āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•েāĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ• āϧাāϰāĻŖা āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰāĻŦ।


PART – A

🅰️ ARTICLE āĻ•ী?

ā§§. Article-āĻāϰ āϏংāϜ্āĻžা

An Article is a word used before a noun to indicate whether we are talking about something in a general or specific way.

āϏāĻšāϜ āĻŦাংāϞাāϝ়:

Noun-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻāĻŽāύ Word, āϝা āϏেāχ Noun āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŦা āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে, āϤাāĻ•ে Article āĻŦāϞে।

āχংāϰেāϜিāϤে āϤিāύāϟি Article āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে:

A

AN

THE


⧍. Article-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻĻুāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻ­াāĻ—

Articles āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāϤ āĻĻুāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ:

ā§§. Indefinite Articles

A, An

⧍. Definite Article

The


ā§Š. A āĻāĻŦং AN āĻ•েāύ Indefinite?

A āĻāĻŦং An āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ•োāύো āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦা āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•ে āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟāĻ­াāĻŦে āύা āĻŦুāĻিāϝ়ে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦোāĻাāϝ়।

Example:

I saw a dog.

āĻāĻ–াāύে āφāĻŽি āĻ•োāύো āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ Dog-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞāĻ›ি āύা। āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ•ুāĻ•ুāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–েāĻ›ি।

āφāϰ:

I saw the dog.

āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ•ুāĻ•ুāϰেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦোāĻাāύো āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে।


PART – B

🅰️ ARTICLE “A”

ā§Ē. A-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ

A āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ Countable Noun-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়, āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি consonant sound āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻļুāϰু āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

a boy

a girl

a book

a pen

a teacher

a car

a university

āĻļেāώেāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϟি āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ।

university āĻĻেāĻ–āϤে vowel letter U āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻļুāϰু āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āĻāϰ āωāϚ্āϚাāϰāĻŖ āĻļুāϰু āĻšāϝ় /juː/ sound āĻĻিāϝ়ে, āϝা consonant sound-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻļুāϰু āĻšāϝ়।

āϤাāχ:

a university

an university


ā§Ģ. A-āĻāϰ āϏāĻšāϜ Formula

A + Singular Countable Noun + Consonant Sound

Example:

a book

a pen

a cat

a student

a teacher


ā§Ŧ. A āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ

I have a book.

She is a teacher.

He bought a car.

Rahul has a bicycle.

I saw a bird.


PART – C

🅰️ “AN”

ā§­. AN-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ

An āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ Countable Noun-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়, āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি vowel sound āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻļুāϰু āĻšāϝ়।

āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ vowel letters āĻšāϞো:

A, E, I, O, U

āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āĻŦে:

Article āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻļুāϧু Letter āύāϝ়, Sound āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ।


ā§Ž. AN-āĻāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ

an apple

an egg

an orange

an umbrella

an elephant

an idea


⧝. AN āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ

I ate an apple.

She has an umbrella.

He is an honest man.

I saw an elephant.

It was an interesting story.


ā§§ā§Ļ. Honest-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে AN āĻ•েāύ?

honest āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি H āĻĻিāϝ়ে āϞেāĻ–া āĻšāϞেāĻ“ H-āĻāϰ sound āωāϚ্āϚাāϰিāϤ āĻšāϝ় āύা।

āωāϚ্āϚাāϰāĻŖ:

honest → /ˈɒnÉĒst/

āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟিāϰ āĻļুāϰুāϤে vowel sound āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে।

āϤাāχ:

an honest man

a honest man


ā§§ā§§. Hour-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে AN

hour-āĻāĻ“ h silent।

āϤাāχ:

an hour

a hour

Example:

I waited for an hour.


⧧⧍. A University āĻ•িāύ্āϤু AN Umbrella

āĻāĻ–াāύে āφāϏāϞ āĻŦিāώāϝ় āĻšāϞো sound

University:

āωāϚ্āϚাāϰāĻŖ āĻļুāϰু:

/juː/

āϤাāχ:

a university

Umbrella:

āωāϚ্āϚাāϰāĻŖ āĻļুāϰু:

/ƌ/

āϤাāχ:

an umbrella


ā§§ā§Š. A European

European āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি E āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻļুāϰু āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āĻāϰ pronunciation āĻļুāϰু āĻšāϝ় /j/ sound āĻĻিāϝ়ে।

āϤাāχ:

a European

an European


ā§§ā§Ē. An MBA

āĻāĻ–াāύে āφāϰāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŦিāώāϝ় āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে।

MBA-āĻāϰ āωāϚ্āϚাāϰāĻŖ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻļুāϰু āĻšāϝ়:

/em/

āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ sound āĻšāϞো vowel sound।

āϤাāχ:

an MBA student


ā§§ā§Ģ. A āĻāĻŦং AN – āĻŽূāϞ āύিāϝ়āĻŽ

āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āĻŦে:

A → consonant sound-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে

AN → vowel sound-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে

āĻļুāϧু āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ Letter āĻĻেāĻ–ে āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āύেāĻŦে āύা।


📊 A āĻŦāύাāĻŽ AN

AAN
a boyan apple
a bookan egg
a caran orange
a universityan umbrella
a Europeanan hour
a teacheran honest man

PART – D

🟡 DEFINITE ARTICLE – THE

ā§§ā§Ŧ. THE āĻ•ী?

The āĻšāϞো Definite Article

āϝāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ•োāύো āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি, āĻŦāϏ্āϤু, āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻŦা āĻŦিāώāϝ়েāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞি, āϤāĻ–āύ The āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰি।

Example:

I saw a dog. The dog was black.

āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦাāϰ:

a dog

āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻ•ুāĻ•ুāϰāϟি āϤāĻ–āύ āύāϤুāύ information।

āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ়āĻŦাāϰ:

the dog

āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύি āĻ•োāύ dog-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে।


ā§§ā§­. āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦাāϰ A/AN, āĻĒāϰে THE

āĻāϟি āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻāĻ•āϟি pattern।

Example:

I bought a book. The book is interesting.

āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে:

a book

āĻĒāϰে:

the book

āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ়āĻŦাāϰ book-āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে।


ā§§ā§Ž. THE āĻĻিāϝ়ে āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦা āĻŦāϏ্āϤু

Close the door.

āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āĻ“ āĻļ্āϰোāϤা āϜাāύে āĻ•োāύ āĻĻāϰāϜাāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে।

Please pass me the pen.

āĻāĻ–াāύেāĻ“ āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ pen āĻŦোāĻাāύো āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে।


⧧⧝. Unique Things-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে THE

āϝে āϜিāύিāϏāĻ•ে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻŦা unique āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϧāϰা āĻšāϝ়, āϤাāϰ āφāĻ—ে the āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

the Sun

the Moon

the Earth

the sky

Example Sentence:

The Sun rises in the east.


⧍ā§Ļ. Superlative Degree-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে THE

Superlative-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ the āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

the best

the biggest

the tallest

the most beautiful

Sentence:

He is the best student in the class.

This is the most beautiful place I have seen.


⧍⧧. Ordinal Number-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে THE

Example:

the first

the second

the third

the fourth

Sentence:

He won the first prize.


⧍⧍. Musical Instruments-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে THE

āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে āĻ•োāύো musical instrument āĻŦাāϜাāύোāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞāϞে the āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒ্āϰāϚāϞিāϤ pattern āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে।

Example:

He plays the guitar.

She plays the piano.

He can play the violin.


ā§¨ā§Š. āύāĻĻীāϰ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āφāĻ—ে THE

āĻ…āύেāĻ• āύāĻĻীāϰ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āφāĻ—ে the āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

the Ganges

the Thames

the Nile

the Brahmaputra

Sentence:

The Ganges is an important river of India.


⧍ā§Ē. āϏāĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻšাāϏাāĻ—āϰেāϰ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āφāĻ—ে THE

Example:

the Indian Ocean

the Pacific Ocean

the Atlantic Ocean

the Arabian Sea


⧍ā§Ģ. āĻŽāϰুāĻ­ূāĻŽিāϰ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āφāĻ—ে THE

Example:

the Sahara Desert

the Thar Desert


⧍ā§Ŧ. āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤāĻŽাāϞাāϰ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āφāĻ—ে THE

Example:

the Himalayas

the Alps

āϤāĻŦে āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤেāϰ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ article āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

Example:

Mount Everest

āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে:

the Mount Everest


⧍⧭. āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে THE

āĻŦāĻšু-āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻŦিāĻļিāώ্āϟ āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে the āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

the United States

the United Kingdom

the Netherlands

āĻ•িāύ্āϤু:

India

Japan

Nepal

āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻāĻĻেāϰ āφāĻ—ে the āĻŦāϏে āύা।


ā§¨ā§Ž. Newspapers āĻ“ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύেāϰ āύাāĻŽ

āĻ•িāĻ›ু newspaper-āĻāϰ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে the āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

The Times

The Guardian

āϤāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি proper name-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āύিāϜে āĻĨেāĻ•ে the āĻŦāϏাāύো āϝাāĻŦে āύা।


PART – E

đŸšĢ āĻ•āĻ–āύ A/AN āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāĻŦে āύা?

⧍⧝. Plural Noun-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে A/AN āύāϝ়

A/An singular countable noun-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

āϤাāχ:

a books

an apples

āϏāĻ িāĻ•:

books

apples

Example:

I like books.

She bought apples.


ā§Šā§Ļ. Uncountable Noun-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে A/AN āύāϝ়

āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে:

a water

a milk

a rice

āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ uncountable noun āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

āϤāĻŦে āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻŦোāĻাāϤে āĻ…āύ্āϝ structure āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়।

Example:

a glass of water

a bottle of milk

a bowl of rice


ā§Šā§§. Abstract Noun-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে Article āύা-āĻ“ āĻĨাāĻ•āϤে āĻĒাāϰে

Example:

Honesty is important.

Love is powerful.

Knowledge is valuable.

āĻāĻ–াāύে abstract idea-āĻ•ে general sense-āĻ āĻŦোāĻাāύো āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে।

āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻšāϞে:

The love of a mother is special.


PART – F

đŸŸĸ ZERO ARTICLE

ā§Šā§¨. Zero Article āĻ•ী?

āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻ•োāύো Article āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ় āύা। āĻāĻ•ে Grammar-āĻ Zero Article āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়।

Example:

Books are useful.

Water is essential for life.

Honesty is a great virtue.

āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻ•োāύো Article āύেāχ।


ā§Šā§Š. āĻ­াāώাāϰ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āφāĻ—ে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ Article āύেāχ

I speak English.

She is learning Bengali.

He knows Hindi.

āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে:

the English — āϝāĻĻি English language-āĻ•ে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦোāĻাāύো āĻšāϝ়।

āϤāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻļেāώ context-āĻ the + adjective āĻŦা āĻ…āύ্āϝ structure-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।


ā§Šā§Ē. Subject-āĻāϰ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āφāĻ—ে Article āύāϝ়

āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে:

English is interesting.

Mathematics is difficult.

History is important.


PART – G

đŸ”ĩ DETERMINER

ā§Šā§Ģ. Determiner āĻ•ী?

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­াāĻŦে:

Determiner āĻšāϞো āĻāĻŽāύ Word āϝা Noun-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻŦāϏে āϏেāχ Noun-āĻāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা, āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ, āĻŽাāϞিāĻ•াāύা, āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟāϤা āĻŦা āĻĒāϰিāϚāϝ় āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĻেāϝ়।

Determiner-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϧāϰāύেāϰ Word।

Example:

this book

my book

some books

many students

each student

the book

āĻāĻ–াāύে this, my, some, many, each, the Noun āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ information āĻĻিāϚ্āĻ›ে।


ā§Šā§Ŧ. Demonstrative Determiners

āĻ•োāύো āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦা āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•ে āĻĻেāĻ–িāϝ়ে āĻŦোāĻাāϤে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়:

this

that

these

those


This

āĻ•াāĻ›েāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি:

This book is mine.

That

āĻĻূāϰেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি:

That house is beautiful.

These

āĻ•াāĻ›েāϰ āĻāĻ•াāϧিāĻ•:

These books are new.

Those

āĻĻূāϰেāϰ āĻāĻ•াāϧিāĻ•:

Those students are playing.


ā§Šā§­. Possessive Determiners

āĻŽাāϞিāĻ•াāύা āĻŦা possession āĻŦোāĻাāϝ়।

Examples:

my

your

his

her

its

our

their

Example:

My book is new.

Your bag is here.

His car is red.

Our school is beautiful.

Their house is large.


ā§Šā§Ž. Quantifiers

āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻŦা āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻĻেāϝ়।

Common examples:

some

any

much

many

few

a few

little

a little

several

enough


ā§Šā§¯. MANY

āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ plural countable noun-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে:

many students

many books

many people

Example:

Many students attended the class.


ā§Ēā§Ļ. MUCH

āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ uncountable noun-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে:

much water

much money

much time

Example:

I don't have much time.


ā§Ēā§§. A FEW āĻŦāύাāĻŽ FEW

āĻāϟি āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ।

A few

āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āφāĻ›ে—āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ positive sense।

I have a few friends.

āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ: āφāĻŽাāϰ āĻ•āϝ়েāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦāύ্āϧু āφāĻ›ে।

Few

āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻ•āĻŽ—āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় āύেāχ-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›াāĻ•াāĻ›ি negative sense।

Few students understood the lesson.


ā§Ē⧍. A LITTLE āĻŦāύাāĻŽ LITTLE

A little

āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āφāĻ›ে।

I have a little money.

Little

āĻ–ুāĻŦ āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ āφāĻ›ে।

I have little money.

āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ।


ā§Ēā§Š. EACH

āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻ•āĻ•ে āφāϞাāĻĻা āφāϞাāĻĻাāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦোāĻাāϝ়।

Each student has a book.


ā§Ēā§Ē. EVERY

āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻ•āĻ•ে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦোāĻাāϝ়।

Every student must study.

Each āĻāĻŦং Every-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ singular countable noun āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।


📊 Article & Determiner – Quick Chart

WordāĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ
aāĻāĻ•āϟি, consonant sound-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে
anāĻāĻ•āϟি, vowel sound-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে
theāύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ
thisāĻ•াāĻ›েāϰ singular
thatāĻĻূāϰেāϰ singular
theseāĻ•াāĻ›েāϰ plural
thoseāĻĻূāϰেāϰ plural
myāĻŽাāϞিāĻ•াāύা
yourāĻŽাāϞিāĻ•াāύা
manyāĻ…āύেāĻ•, countable
muchāĻ…āύেāĻ•, uncountable
fewāĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻ•āĻŽ
a fewāĻ•āϝ়েāĻ•āϟি
littleāĻ–ুāĻŦ āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ
a littleāĻ…āϞ্āĻĒ

⚠️ Common Mistakes

āĻ­ুāϞ ā§§

He is a honest man.

He is an honest man.


āĻ­ুāϞ ⧍

She is an university student.

She is a university student.


āĻ­ুāϞ ā§Š

I have a books.

I have books.


āĻ­ুāϞ ā§Ē

The India is a beautiful country.

India is a beautiful country.


āĻ­ুāϞ ā§Ģ

He is best student.

He is the best student.


āĻ­ুāϞ ā§Ŧ

I waited for a hour.

I waited for an hour.


📝 āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύী – ā§§

āĻļূāύ্āϝāϏ্āĻĨাāύে a / an / the āĻŦāϏাāĻ“।

  1. I saw ___ elephant.

  2. He is ___ teacher.

  3. She bought ___ umbrella.

  4. I have ___ book.

  5. ___ Sun rises in the east.

  6. He is ___ honest man.

  7. She studies at ___ university.

  8. I waited for ___ hour.

  9. He is ___ best player in the team.

  10. I saw ___ dog. ___ dog was black.


📝 āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύী – ⧍

āϏāĻ িāĻ• Article āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύ āĻ•āϰো।

  1. a / an apple

  2. a / an university

  3. a / an European

  4. a / an umbrella

  5. a / an honest person

  6. a / an book

  7. a / an hour

  8. a / an orange


📝 āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύী – ā§Š

āĻ­ুāϞ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ—ুāϞো āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•āϰো।

  1. He is a honest boy.

  2. She has an book.

  3. I saw a elephant.

  4. The India is my country.

  5. He is best student.

  6. She waited for a hour.

  7. He is an university student.

  8. I bought a apples.


📝 āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύী – ā§Ē

āϏāĻ িāĻ• Determiner āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰো:

this / that / these / those

  1. ___ book in my hand is new.

  2. ___ house over there is beautiful.

  3. ___ books beside me are mine.

  4. ___ mountains in the distance are beautiful.


📝 āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύী – ā§Ģ

āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦেāĻ›ে āύাāĻ“:

many / much

  1. I have ___ books.

  2. We don't have ___ time.

  3. There are ___ students in the classroom.

  4. How ___ money do you need?

  5. How ___ people came?


📝 āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύী – ā§Ŧ

few / a few / little / a little āĻŦāϏাāĻ“।

  1. I have ___ friends who support me.

  2. There is ___ water in the bottle.

  3. ___ students failed the examination.

  4. I have ___ money, so I can buy a pen.

  5. There is ___ hope left.


✅ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ

āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύী – ā§§

  1. an

  2. a

  3. an

  4. a

  5. The

  6. an

  7. a

  8. an

  9. the

  10. a, The


āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύী – ⧍

  1. an apple

  2. a university

  3. a European

  4. an umbrella

  5. an honest person

  6. a book

  7. an hour

  8. an orange


āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύী – ā§Š

  1. He is an honest boy.

  2. She has a book.

  3. I saw an elephant.

  4. India is my country.

  5. He is the best student.

  6. She waited for an hour.

  7. He is a university student.

  8. I bought apples.


āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύী – ā§Ē

  1. This

  2. That

  3. These

  4. Those


āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύী – ā§Ģ

  1. many

  2. much

  3. many

  4. much

  5. many


āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύী – ā§Ŧ

āĻāĻ–াāύে context-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰে āĻāĻ•াāϧিāĻ• āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦ্āϝ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ:

  1. a few

  2. a little

  3. few

  4. a little

  5. little


đŸŽ¯ āφāϜāĻ•েāϰ Homework

āύিāϜেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে Article āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে ā§§ā§Ļāϟি English Sentence āϞেāĻ–ো।

āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

I am a student.

I have a book.

I use an English dictionary.

The book is useful.

āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ this, that, these, those, my, many, much āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে āφāϰāĻ“ ā§­āϟি āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϞেāĻ–ো।


🌟 Golden Rules

Rule 1

A/An āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ Singular Countable Noun-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Rule 2

A āĻ“ An āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖে Letter āύāϝ়, Sound āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ।

Rule 3

A → Consonant Sound

Rule 4

An → Vowel Sound

Rule 5

The → Specific/Definite

Rule 6

Plural āĻ“ Uncountable Noun-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে A/An āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ় āύা।

Rule 7

Superlative-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ The āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়।

Rule 8

This/That → Singular

Rule 9

These/Those → Plural

Rule 10

Many → Countable

Rule 11

Much → Uncountable


📌 āφāϜāĻ•েāϰ āĻļেāĻ–া āĻŦিāώāϝ়

āφāϜ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻļিāĻ–āϞাāĻŽ—

✅ Article āĻ•ী

✅ A

✅ An

✅ The

✅ Indefinite Article

✅ Definite Article

✅ Vowel Sound āĻ“ Consonant Sound

✅ Silent H-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ

✅ A university / an umbrella-āĻāϰ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ

✅ The-āĻāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ

✅ Zero Article

✅ Determiner āĻ•ী

✅ Demonstrative Determiners

✅ Possessive Determiners

✅ Quantifiers

✅ Many āĻ“ Much

✅ Few āĻ“ A Few

✅ Little āĻ“ A Little

✅ Each āĻ“ Every

✅ Common Article Mistakes


📚 Chapter Summary

āφāϜāĻ•েāϰ āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāϝ়āϟি English Grammar-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ…āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি।

A, An āĻāĻŦং The āĻ›োāϟ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āĻāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻ­ুāϞ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি English Sentence-āĻ•ে grammatically incorrect āĻŦা unnatural āĻ•āϰে āϤুāϞāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

āϏāĻŦāϚেāϝ়ে āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŦিāώāϝ় āĻšāϞো:

A/An āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻļুāϧু āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ Letter āĻĻেāĻ–āĻŦে āύা—āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ Sound āĻļুāύāĻŦে।

āϤাāχ:

a university

āĻ•িāύ্āϤু:

an umbrella

āφāĻŦাāϰ:

an honest man

āĻ•িāύ্āϤু:

a European

āĻāĻ›াāĻĄ়া The āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ•োāύো āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি, āĻŦāϏ্āϤু, āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻŦা āĻĒāϰিāϚিāϤ āĻŦিāώāϝ়āĻ•ে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰি।

āφāϰ Determiners Noun-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻāϏে āϏেāχ Noun-āĻāϰ identity, quantity, possession, proximity āĻŦা definiteness āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ information āĻĻেāϝ়।


đŸŒŋ āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–ুāύ

“A good sentence needs not only words, but also the right words in the right place.”

English Grammar āĻļেāĻ–াāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻ›োāϟ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ•ে āĻ•āĻ–āύো āĻ›োāϟ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻেāĻ–āĻŦে āύা।

A, An, The—āĻāχ āϤিāύāϟি āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āϤোāĻŽাāϰ English writing-āĻ•ে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĒāϰিāώ্āĻ•াāϰ, āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻāĻŦং grammatically accurate āĻ•āϰে āϤুāϞāĻŦে।

āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻĻিāύ āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒ āĻ•āϰে āĻĒāĻĄ়ো।

āύিāϜেāϰ Sentence āύিāϜে āϞেāĻ–ো।

āĻ­ুāϞ āĻšāϞে āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•āϰো।

āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ Grammar āĻŽুāĻ–āϏ্āĻĨ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻŦিāώāϝ় āύāϝ়—Grammar āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻŦিāώāϝ়।


🚀 āφāĻ—াāĻŽী āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāϝ়

āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāϝ় – ā§§ā§Ŧ

SENTENCE & SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Word āĻĨেāĻ•ে Complete Sentence — English āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো

āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāϝ়ে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻļিāĻ–āĻŦ—

  • Sentence āĻ•ী?

  • Sentence-āĻāϰ āϏংāϜ্āĻžা

  • Sentence-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻ…ংāĻļ

  • Subject

  • Predicate

  • Object

  • Complement

  • Phrase

  • Clause-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ• āϧাāϰāĻŖা

  • Word → Phrase → Clause → Sentence

  • Simple Sentence

  • Compound Sentence

  • Complex Sentence

  • Assertive Sentence

  • Interrogative Sentence

  • Imperative Sentence

  • Exclamatory Sentence

  • Sentence-āĻāϰ Basic Pattern

  • Subject + Verb

  • Subject + Verb + Object

  • Subject + Verb + Complement

  • English Sentence āϤৈāϰিāϰ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤি

  • Common Sentence Mistakes

  • Exercise & Answer Key


📖 āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ ā§Šā§Ļ āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāϝ়েāϰ āϝাāϤ্āϰা

Chapter 01 → English āĻļেāĻ–াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒাāĻ 
Chapter 02 → English Alphabet (A–Z)
Chapter 03 → Vowels & Consonants
Chapter 04 → Capital & Small Letters
Chapter 05 → English Word & Word Formation
Chapter 06 → Syllable
Chapter 07 → Parts of Speech
Chapter 08 → Noun
Chapter 09 → Pronoun
Chapter 10 → Verb
Chapter 11 → Adjective
Chapter 12 → Adverb
Chapter 13 → Preposition
Chapter 14 → Conjunction & Interjection
Chapter 15Articles & Determiners ✅
Chapter 16 → Sentence & Sentence Structure
Chapter 17 → Subject & Predicate
Chapter 18 → Tense
Chapter 19 → Subject–Verb Agreement
Chapter 20 → Question, Negative & Imperative Sentences
Chapter 21 → Phrase & Clause
Chapter 22 → Voice
Chapter 23 → Direct & Indirect Speech
Chapter 24 → Auxiliary Verbs & Modals
Chapter 25 → Transformation of Sentences
Chapter 26 → Vocabulary, Idioms, Synonyms & Antonyms
Chapter 27 → Paragraph, Letter, Essay & Composition
Chapter 28 → Reading, Comprehension & Writing Skills
Chapter 29 → Introduction to English Literature
Chapter 30ABCD āĻĨেāĻ•ে English Grammar āĻ“ Literature — āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϝাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āϏāĻŽাāĻĒ্āϤি āĻ“ Graduate-Level Literature Roadmap


✍️ Sayan Das

English Hons. Graduate | Author & Teacher

ABCD āĻĨেāĻ•ে English Grammar āĻ“ Literature

Free & Open Educational eBook for Students